Effect of immediate initiation of antiretroviral treatment on the risk of acquired HIV drug resistance.

Lodi, Sara; Günthard, Huldrych F; Dunn, David; Garcia, Federico; Logan, Roger; Jose, Sophie; Bucher, Heiner C; Scherrer, Alexandra U; Schneider, Marie-Paule; Egger, Matthias; Glass, Tracy R; Reiss, Peter; van Sighem, Ard; Boender, T Sonia; Phillips, Andrew N; Porter, Kholoud; Hawkins, David; Moreno, Santiago; Monge, Susana; Paraskevis, Dimitrios; ... (2018). Effect of immediate initiation of antiretroviral treatment on the risk of acquired HIV drug resistance. AIDS, 32(3), pp. 327-335. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001692

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OBJECTIVE

We estimated and compared the risk of clinically identified acquired drug resistance under i) immediate initiation (the currently recommended ART initiation strategy), ii) initiation with CD4 < 500, and iii) initiation with CD4 < 350 cells/mm.

DESIGN

Cohort study based on routinely collected data from the HIV-CAUSAL Collaboration.

METHODS

For each individual, baseline was the earliest time when all eligibility criteria (ART-naïve, AIDS-free, and others) were met after 1999. Acquired drug resistance was defined using the Stanford classification as resistance to any antiretroviral drug that was clinically identified at least 6 months after ART initiation. We used the parametric g-formula to adjust for time-varying (CD4 count, HIV-RNA, AIDS, ART regimen and drug resistance testing) and baseline (calendar period, mode of acquisition, sex, age, geographical origin, ethnicity and cohort) characteristics.

RESULTS

In 50,981 eligible individuals, 10% had CD4 count>500 at baseline, and 63% initiated ART during follow-up. Of 2,672 tests for acquired drug resistance, 794 found resistance. The estimated 7-year risk (95% CI) of acquired drug resistance was 3.2% (2.8,3.5) for immediate initiation, 3.1% (2.7,3.3) for initiation with CD4 < 500, and 2.8% (2.5,3.0) for initiation with CD4 < 350 cells/mm. In analyses restricted to individuals with baseline in 2005-2015, the corresponding estimates were 1.9% (1.8, 2.5), 1.9% (1.7,2.4) and 1.8% (1.7,2.2).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that the risk of acquired drug resistance is very low, especially in recent calendar periods, and that immediate ART initiation only slightly increases the risk. It is unlikely that drug resistance will jeopardize the proven benefits of immediate ART initiation.

Interest & Impact

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