Cryptic lineage divergence in marine environments: genetic differentiation at multiple spatial and temporal scales in the widespread intertidal goby Gobiosoma bosc

Milá, Borja; Van Tassell, James L.; Calderón, Jatziri A.; Rüber, Lukas; Zardoya, Rafael (2017). Cryptic lineage divergence in marine environments: genetic differentiation at multiple spatial and temporal scales in the widespread intertidal goby Gobiosoma bosc. Ecology and evolution, 7(14), pp. 5514-5523. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10.1002/ece3.3161

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The adaptive radiation of the seven- spined gobies (Gobiidae: Gobiosomatini) represents
a classic example of how ecological specialization and larval retention can drive
speciation through local adaptation. However, geographically widespread and phenotypically
uniform species also do occur within Gobiosomatini. This lack of phenotypic
variation across large geographic areas could be due to recent colonization, widespread
gene flow, or stabilizing selection acting across environmental gradients. We
use a phylogeographic approach to test these alternative hypotheses in the naked
goby Gobiosoma bosc, a widespread and phenotypically invariable intertidal fish found
along the Atlantic Coast of North America. Using DNA sequence from 218 individuals
sampled at 15 localities, we document marked intraspecific genetic structure in mitochondrial
and nuclear genes at three main geographic scales: (i) between Gulf of
Mexico and Atlantic Coast, (ii) between the west coast of the Florida peninsula and
adjacent Gulf of Mexico across the Apalachicola Bay, and (iii) at local scales of a few
hundred kilometers. Clades on either side of Florida diverged about 8 million years
ago, whereas some populations along the East Cost show divergent phylogroups that
have differentiated within the last 200,000 years. The absence of noticeable phenotypic
or ecological differentiation among lineages suggests the role of stabilizing selection
on ancestral phenotypes, together with isolation in allopatry due to reduced
dispersal and restricted gene flow, as the most likely explanation for their divergence.
Haplotype phylogenies and spatial patterns of genetic diversity reveal frequent population
bottlenecks followed by rapid population growth, particularly along the Gulf of
Mexico. The magnitude of the genetic divergence among intraspecific lineages suggests
the existence of cryptic species within Gobiosoma and indicates that modes of
speciation can vary among lineages within Gobiidae.

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