Motives and goals in exercise and sport from a person-oriented perspective: How do adolescents and young adults differ concerning their profiles?

Gut, Vanessa; Conzelmann, Achim; Schmid, Julia (February 2019). Motives and goals in exercise and sport from a person-oriented perspective: How do adolescents and young adults differ concerning their profiles? In: 11th SGS Annual Meeting "Sport and Brain". Book of abstracts. Fribourg: Sportwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft der Schweiz

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Adolescence and young adulthood are critical phases in life for shaping future exercise and sport behavior (Corder et al., 2017). So far, interventions to promote exercise and sport among adolescents and young adults have rarely systematically focused on motives and goals, although they are important for well-being and maintenance of exercise and sport behavior (Gunnell, Crocker, Mack, Wilson, & Zumbo, 2014). Exercise-and sport-related motives and goals are mentioned when individuals offering a subjective explanation of their own exercise and sport behavior (Schmid, Gut, Conzelmann, & Sudeck, 2018). Individuals often strive for multiple motives and goals, such as to compete against others and to distract themselves from daily problems. Furthermore, motives and goals can vary concerning their degree of exercise- and sport-related self-concordance (extrinsic to intrinsic motivation) and their association to exercise and sport behavior (Sebire, Standage, & Vansteenkiste, 2011). For example, people with intrinsic motives and goals are likely to be more active. Research (e.g., Sebire et al., 2011) have typically investigated the effect of single motives or goals on a global level across a whole population neglecting that individuals might pursue different combinations of goals. Few studies (Lindwall, Weman-Josefsson, Sebire, & Standage, 2016; Sudeck, Lehnert, & Conzelmann, 2011) have taken a person-oriented approach which assumes that there are different motive and goal patterns or profiles within a population. The person-oriented approach (Bergman & Lundh, 2015) focuses on the interaction of motives and goals within an individual that allows typical patterns or profiles to be identified. Furthermore, a person-oriented approach can help to categorize people based on their motives and goals and, consequently, as a result, develop target-group-specific interventions (Sudeck et al., 2011). Current person-oriented studies in exercise- and sport-related motives and goals have not focused on adolescents and young adults, since they have either considered people in middle adulthood (Sudeck et al., 2011) or have not focused on specific age groups at all (Lindwall et al., 2016). However, based on a developmental-psychological perspective (Feldman, 2014), it can be assumed that adolescents aged from 14 to 19 years and young adults aged from 20 to 34 years might have different motive and goal profiles. Therefore, this person-oriented study examines which motive and goal profiles for adolescents and for young adults can be identified and how these profiles might differ across the age groups quantitatively (number of profiles) and qualitatively (goal characteristics). Furthermore, to validate the profiles found, their association with self-concordance as well as exercise and sport behavior was investigated.

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