Spatio‐temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring

González‐Mariño, Iria; Baz‐Lomba, Jose Antonio; Alygizakis, Nikiforos A.; Andrés‐Costa, Maria Jesús; Bade, Richard; Barron, Leon P.; Been, Frederic; Berset, Jean-Daniel; Bijlsma, Lubertus; Bodík, Igor; Brenner, Asher; Brock, Andreas L.; Burgard, Daniel A.; Castrignanò, Erika; Christophoridis, Christophoros E.; Covaci, Adrian; Voogt, Pim; Devault, Damien A.; Dias, Mário J.; Emke, Erik; ... (2020). Spatio‐temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring. Addiction, 115(1), pp. 109-120. Wiley-Blackwell 10.1111/add.14767

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Background and aims
Wastewater‐based epidemiology is an additional indicator of drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal trends of population‐normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater over 7 years (2011–17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these with existing prevalence and seizure data.

Design
Analysis of daily raw wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017.

Setting and Participants
Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 120 cities in 37 countries.

Measurements
Parent substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol) were measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. Spatial differences were assessed world‐wide, and temporal trends were discerned at European level by comparing 2011–13 drug loads versus 2014–17 loads.

Findings
Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and North–Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an intermittent upsurge.

Conclusions
The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug loads provides near real‐time drug use estimates that globally correspond to prevalence and seizure data.

Item Type:

Journal Article (Original Article)

Division/Institute:

08 Faculty of Science > Department of Biology > Institute of Plant Sciences (IPS) > Library Plant Sciences
08 Faculty of Science > Department of Biology > Institute of Plant Sciences (IPS)

UniBE Contributor:

Berset, Jean Daniel

Subjects:

500 Science > 580 Plants (Botany)

ISSN:

0965-2140

Publisher:

Wiley-Blackwell

Language:

English

Submitter:

Peter Alfred von Ballmoos-Haas

Date Deposited:

26 Nov 2019 11:03

Last Modified:

05 Dec 2022 15:32

Publisher DOI:

10.1111/add.14767

Related URLs:

PubMed ID:

31642141

Uncontrolled Keywords:

amphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy/MDMA, illicit drugs, methamphetamine, wastewater-based epidemiology.

BORIS DOI:

10.7892/boris.135271

URI:

https://boris.unibe.ch/id/eprint/135271

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