Clinical but Not Histological Outcomes in Males With 45,X/46,XY Mosaicism Vary Depending on Reason for Diagnosis.

Ljubicic, Marie Lindhardt; Jørgensen, Anne; Acerini, Carlo; Andrade, Juliana; Balsamo, Antonio; Bertelloni, Silvano; Cools, Martine; Cuccaro, Rieko Tadokoro; Darendeliler, Feyza; Flück, Christa E; Grinspon, Romina P; Maciel-Guerra, Andrea; Guran, Tulay; Hannema, Sabine E; Lucas-Herald, Angela K; Hiort, Olaf; Holterhus, Paul Martin; Lichiardopol, Corina; Looijenga, Leendert H J; Ortolano, Rita; ... (2019). Clinical but Not Histological Outcomes in Males With 45,X/46,XY Mosaicism Vary Depending on Reason for Diagnosis. The journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 104(10), pp. 4366-4381. Oxford University Press 10.1210/jc.2018-02752

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CONTEXT

Larger studies on outcomes in males with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism are rare.

OBJECTIVE

To compare health outcomes in males with 45,X/46,XY diagnosed as a result of either genital abnormalities at birth or nongenital reasons later in life.

DESIGN

A retrospective, multicenter study.

SETTING

Sixteen tertiary centers.

PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS

Sixty-three males older than 13 years with 45,X/46,XY mosaicism.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Health outcomes, such as genital phenotype, gonadal function, growth, comorbidities, fertility, and gonadal histology, including risk of neoplasia.

RESULTS

Thirty-five patients were in the genital group and 28 in the nongenital. Eighty percent of all patients experienced spontaneous pubertal onset, significantly more in the nongenital group (P = 0.023). Patients were significantly shorter in the genital group with median adult heights of 156.7 cm and 164.5 cm, respectively (P = 0.016). Twenty-seven percent of patients received recombinant human GH. Forty-four patients had gonadal histology evaluated. Germ cells were detected in 42%. Neoplasia in situ was found in five patients. Twenty-five percent had focal spermatogenesis, and another 25.0% had arrested spermatogenesis. Fourteen out of 17 (82%) with semen analyses were azoospermic; three had motile sperm.

CONCLUSION

Patients diagnosed as a result of genital abnormalities have poorer health outcomes than those diagnosed as a result of nongenital reasons. Most patients, however, have relatively good endocrine gonadal function, but most are also short statured. Patients have a risk of gonadal neoplasia, and most are azoospermic, but almost one-half of patients has germ cells present histologically and up to one-quarter has focal spermatogenesis, providing hope for fertility treatment options.

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