LGBTQI Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Laws, Discourses, and Challenges

Tolino, Serena (2020). LGBTQI Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Laws, Discourses, and Challenges. In: Salvatore, Armando; Hanafi, Sari; Obuse, Kieko (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of the Middle East (pp. 626-646). Oxford: Oxford University Press 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190087470.013.28

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This chapter presents an overview of LGBTQI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, queer, intersexual) rights in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, focusing in particular on three case studies: Egypt, Lebanon, and Tunisia. After a general introduction on LGBTQI rights in the MENA region, the chapter addresses the issue of Islamic law and homosexuality. It then focuses on anti-homosexuality laws in these three countries, their history and their implementation, showing how each country has a different approach to homosexuality. The Lebanese Penal Code, for example, has an article criminalizing “any sexual act against nature,” while the Tunisian Penal Code has an article criminalizing liwat (sodomy) and sihaq (tribadism). The Egyptian Penal Code does not criminalize specifically homosexuality. However, a law against “male prostitution” is applied to punish gay men. Finally, the chapter looks at LGBTQI organizations in these three countries.

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