T-high asthma phenotypes across life span.

Maison, Nicole; Omony, Jimmy; Illi, Sabina; Thiele, Dominik; Skevaki, Chrysanthi; Dittrich, Anna-Maria; Bahmer, Thomas; Rabe, Klaus Friedrich; Weckmann, Markus; Happle, Christine; Schaub, Bianca; Meier, Meike; Foth, Svenja; Rietschel, Ernst; Renz, Harald; Hansen, Gesine; Kopp, Matthias Volkmar; von Mutius, Erika; Grychtol, Ruth (2022). T-high asthma phenotypes across life span. The European respiratory journal, 60(3) European Respiratory Society 10.1183/13993003.02288-2021

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RATIONALE

In adults, personalised asthma treatment targets patients with T2-high and eosinophilic asthma phenotypes. It is unclear whether such classification is achievable in children.

OBJECTIVES

To define T2-high asthma with easily accessible biomarkers and compare resulting phenotypes across all ages.

METHODS

In the multicenter clinical ALL Age Asthma Cohort (ALLIANCE), 1125 participants (n=776 asthmatics, n=349 controls) were recruited and followed for 2 years (1 year in adults). Extensive clinical characterisation (questionnaires, blood differential count, allergy testing, lung function and sputum induction (in adults) was performed at baseline and follow-ups. Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were measured after stimulation of whole blood with LPS or anti-CD3/CD28.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Based on blood eosinophil counts and allergen-specific serum IgE antibodies (sIgE), patients were categorised into four mutually exclusive phenotypes: "Atopy-only", "Eosinophils-only", "T2-high" (eosinophilia+atopy) and "T2-low" (neither eosinophilia nor atopy). The T2-high phenotype was found across all ages, even in very young children in whom it persisted to a large degree even after 2 years of follow-up. T2-high asthma in adults was associated with childhood onset suggesting early origins of this asthma phenotype. In both children and adults, the T2-high phenotype was characterised by excessive production of specific IgE to allergens (p<0.0001) and, from school age onwards, by increased production of IL-5 after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation of whole blood.

CONCLUSIONS

Using easily accessible biomarkers, patients with T2-high asthma can be identified across all ages delineating a distinct phenotype. These patients may benefit from therapy with biologicals even at younger age.

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