Reduced anterior callosal white matter in risk for psychosis associated with processing speed as a fundamental cognitive impairment

Klaassen, Arndt-Lukas; Michel, Chantal; Stüble, Miriam; Kaess, Michael; Morishima, Yosuke; Kindler, Jochen (2024). Reduced anterior callosal white matter in risk for psychosis associated with processing speed as a fundamental cognitive impairment. Schizophrenia Research, 264, pp. 211-219. Elsevier 10.1016/j.schres.2023.12.026

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Background
Previous research in psychotic disorders discovered associations between reduced integrity of white matter (WM) in the corpus callosum (CC) and impaired cognitive functions, suggesting processing speed as a central construct. However, it is still largely unexplored to what extent disruption in callosal WM is related to cognitive deficits during the risk stage prior to psychosis.

Methods
To address this gap, we measured the WM integrity in CC by fractional anisotropy (FA) and assessed cognition in 60 clinical-high risk for psychosis (CHR) patients during adolescence/young adulthood and 38 healthy control (HC) subjects. We employed tract based spatial statistics to examine group differences and associations between CC-FA and processing speed, executive function, and spatial working memory.

Results
We revealed deficits in processing speed, executive function, and spatial working memory of CHR patients, and reductions in FA of the genu and the body of the CC (p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons) compared to HC. A mediation analysis using the combined sample (CHR + HC) showed that processing speed mediates the associations between the impaired CC structure and executive function and spatial working memory, respectively. Exploratory analyses between CC-FA and the cognitive domains located associations of processing speed in the genu and the body of CC with distinct spatial distributions of executive function and spatial working memory.

Conclusion
We suggest processing speed as a subordinate cognitive factor contributing to the associations between callosal WM, executive function and working memory. These results extend findings in psychotic disorders to the prior risk stage.

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