Waterlogged Sites

Hafner, Albert (2024). Waterlogged Sites. In: Voyakin, Dmitriy (ed.) Encyclopedia of Archaeology 2 (pp. 298-319). Elsevier 10.1016/B978-0-323-90799-6.00245-7

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In various archaeological sites, organic material such as wood, bark, fibers, seeds and fruits, in very rare cases also leather, skin, and horn can be preserved for centuries or millennia. The essential factor is containment in water-saturated sediments (or in ice) and the exclusion of oxygen. In archaeological research, these particular sites are referred to as “waterlogged sites”. They occur in a great variance in almost all periods of human history and all geographical areas. Because of their exceptionally good preservation conditions, they yield a wealth of archaeological objects and ecofacts that provide in-depth insights into the ergonomics, technology, economy, and environment of ancient societies. Numerous waterlogged sites are assigned to the area of submerged settlements, but there are also burial contexts, ritual sites and single finds.

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