Self-reported caffeine consumption miss-matched consumption measured by plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites: results from two population-based studies.

Laaboub, Nermine; Ranjbar, Setareh; Strippoli, Marie-Pierre F; Marques-Vidal, Pedro; Estoppey-Younes, Sandrine; Ponte, Belen; Pruijm, Menno; Vogt, Bruno; Ansermot, Nicolas; Crettol, Séverine; Vandenberghe, Frederik; Vollenweider, Peter; , ; , ; , (2024). Self-reported caffeine consumption miss-matched consumption measured by plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites: results from two population-based studies. European Journal of Nutrition, 63(5), pp. 1555-1564. Springer-Verlag 10.1007/s00394-024-03351-9

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IMPORTANCE AND OBJECTIVE

Self-reported caffeine consumption has been widely used in research while it may be subject to bias. We sought to investigate the associations between self-reported caffeine consumption and plasma levels of caffeine and its two main metabolites (paraxanthine and theophylline) in the community.

METHODS

Data from two population-based studies (SKIPOGH1 and 2 (N = 1246) and CoLaus|PsyCoLaus (N = 4461)) conducted in Switzerland were used. Self-reported caffeine consumption was assessed using questionnaires. Plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites were quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer.

RESULTS

In both studies, mean log plasma levels of caffeine and its two metabolites were over 6.48 (plasma levels = 652 ng/ml) when no caffeine consumption was reported. Subsequently, nonlinear associations between log plasma levels and self-reported caffeine consumption were observed in SKIPOGH, with a change of the slope at 3-5 cups of espresso per day in SKIPOGH1 but not SKIPOGH2. In CoLaus|PsyCoLaus, increased daily consumption of caffeinated beverages was associated with increased log plasma levels with a change of the slope at 3 cups. In both studies, declared caffeine consumption higher than 3-5 cups per day was not associated with higher plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites.

CONCLUSION

Self-reports of no or low caffeine consumption and consumption of more than 3-5 cups of coffee should be interpreted with caution, with possible under- or over-estimation. Quantifying plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites may contribute to a better estimation of caffeine intake.

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