/* DATA DESCRIPTION: Citation: Sigl, Michael; McConnell, Joseph R; Hörhold, Maria (2024): Annual-resolved volcanic sulfate deposition rates from two Greenland ice cores, 699-1002 CE [dataset]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.967094, In: Sigl, M et al. (2024): Sulfur and volcanic sulfate deposition from 6 ice cores in Greenland [dataset bundled publication]. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.967071 Abstract: Annual-resolved previously published volcanic sulfate deposition rates from two ice cores NEEM-2011-S1 (Sigl et al., 2013) and NGRIP1 (Plummer et al., 2012) between 699 and 1001 CE. Keyword(s): Greenland; Ice core; Iceland; medieval climate anomaly; sulfate; Sulfur; volcanic activity; Volcanic aerosol Related to: Gabriel, Imogen; Plunkett, Gill; Abbott, Peter M; Behrens, Melanie; Burke, Andrea; Chellman, Nathan J; Cook, Eliza; Fleitmann, Dominik; Hörhold, Maria; Hutchison, William; McConnell, Joseph R; Óladóttir, Bergrún A; Preiser-Kapeller, Johannes; Sliwinski, Jakub T; Sugden, Patrick; Twarloh, Birthe; Sigl, Michael (2024): Decadal-to-centennial increases of volcanic aerosols from Iceland challenge the concept of a Medieval Quiet Period. Communications Earth & Environment, 5(1), 194, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01350-6 Sigl, Michael; Winstrup, Mai; McConnell, Joseph R; Welten, Kees C; Plunkett, Gill; Ludlow, F; Büntgen, Ulf; Caffee, Marc W; Chellman, Nathan J; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Fischer, H; Kipfstuhl, Sepp; Kostick, C; Maselli, Olivia J; Mekhaldi, Florian; Mulvaney, Robert; Muscheler, Raimund; Pasteris, Daniel R; Pilcher, John R; Salzer, Matthew W; Schüpbach, Simon; Steffensen, J P; Vinther, Bo Møllesøe; Woodruff, Thomas E (2015): Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years. Nature, 523(7562), 543-549, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14565 References: Plummer, C T; Curran, Mark A J; van Ommen, Tas D; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Moy, Andrew D; Vance, Tessa R; Clausen, Henrik Brink; Vinther, Bo Møllesøe; Mayewski, P A (2012): An independently dated 2000-yr volcanic record from Law Dome, East Antarctica, including a new perspective on the dating of the 1450s CE eruption of Kuwae, Vanuatu. Climate of the Past, 8(6), 1929-1940, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-1929-2012 Sigl, Michael; McConnell, Joseph R; Layman, Lawrence; Maselli, Olivia J; McGwire, Ken; Pasteris, Daniel R; Dahl-Jensen, Dorthe; Steffensen, Jørgen Peder; Vinther, Bo Møllesøe; Edwards, Ross; Mulvaney, Robert; Kipfstuhl, Sepp (2013): A new bipolar ice core record of volcanism from WAIS Divide and NEEM and implications for climate forcing of the last 2000 years. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118(3), 1151-1169, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018603 Funding: European Research Council (ERC), grant/award no. 820047: Timing of Holocene volcanic eruptions and their radiative aerosol forcing (THERA) (URI: doi:10.3030/820047) Coverage: MEDIAN LATITUDE: 76.275000 * MEDIAN LONGITUDE: -46.690000 * SOUTH-BOUND LATITUDE: 75.100000 * WEST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -51.060000 * NORTH-BOUND LATITUDE: 77.450000 * EAST-BOUND LONGITUDE: -42.320000 DATE/TIME START: 1996-07-01T00:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1997-08-31T00:00:00 MINIMUM ELEVATION: 2545.0 m * MAXIMUM ELEVATION: 2917.0 m Event(s): NEEM-2011-S1 * LATITUDE: 77.450000 * LONGITUDE: -51.060000 * ELEVATION: 2545.0 m * Penetration: 410 m * LOCATION: Greenland * METHOD/DEVICE: Ice drill (ICEDRILL) * COMMENT: Drilled in 2011, 200 m from the main NEEM borehole NGRIP1 (NorthGRIP) * LATITUDE: 75.100000 * LONGITUDE: -42.320000 * DATE/TIME START: 1996-07-01T00:00:00 * DATE/TIME END: 1997-08-31T00:00:00 * ELEVATION: 2917.0 m * Recovery: 1371.8 * LOCATION: Greenland * METHOD/DEVICE: Ice drill (ICEDRILL) * COMMENT: Ice thickness is 3085 m at the drill site. Parameter(s): Age [a AD/CE] (Age) * PI: Sigl, Michael (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9028-9703, michael.sigl@climate.unibe.ch) * COMMENT: NS1-2011 AGE [ka BP] (Age) * GEOCODE * PI: Sigl, Michael (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9028-9703, michael.sigl@climate.unibe.ch) Deposition of sulfate, volcanic [kg/km**2/a] (Volc [SO4]2- depos) * PI: Sigl, Michael (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9028-9703, michael.sigl@climate.unibe.ch) * COMMENT: NGRIP1 Deposition of sulfate, volcanic [kg/km**2/a] (Volc [SO4]2- depos) * PI: Sigl, Michael (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9028-9703, michael.sigl@climate.unibe.ch) * COMMENT: NEEM-2011-S1 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0) (URI: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Status: Curation Level: Enhanced curation (URI: https://wiki.pangaea.de/wiki/Curation_levels) Size: 904 data points */ Age [a AD/CE] (NS1-2011) Age [ka BP] Volc [SO4]2- depos [kg/km**2/a] (NGRIP1) Volc [SO4]2- depos [kg/km**2/a] (NEEM-2011-S1) 1000.5 0.9495 0.00 0.00 999.5 0.9505 0.00 0.00 998.5 0.9515 4.44 5.74 997.5 0.9525 3.10 0.00 996.5 0.9535 0.00 0.00 995.5 0.9545 0.00 0.00 994.5 0.9555 0.00 0.00 993.5 0.9565 0.00 0.00 992.5 0.9575 0.00 0.00 991.5 0.9585 0.00 0.00 990.5 0.9595 0.00 0.00 989.5 0.9605 0.00 0.00 988.5 0.9615 0.00 0.00 987.5 0.9625 0.00 0.00 986.5 0.9635 0.00 0.00 985.5 0.9645 0.00 0.00 984.5 0.9655 0.00 0.00 983.5 0.9665 0.00 0.00 982.5 0.9675 0.00 16.95 981.5 0.9685 4.02 0.00 980.5 0.9695 0.00 0.00 979.5 0.9705 7.76 9.55 978.5 0.9715 4.24 2.71 977.5 0.9725 0.00 6.88 976.5 0.9735 0.00 0.00 975.5 0.9745 0.00 0.00 974.5 0.9755 0.00 0.00 973.5 0.9765 0.00 0.00 972.5 0.9775 0.00 0.00 971.5 0.9785 0.00 3.06 970.5 0.9795 0.00 8.47 969.5 0.9805 0.00 0.00 968.5 0.9815 0.00 0.00 967.5 0.9825 0.00 0.00 966.5 0.9835 0.00 0.00 965.5 0.9845 0.00 0.00 964.5 0.9855 0.00 0.00 963.5 0.9865 0.00 0.00 962.5 0.9875 0.00 0.00 961.5 0.9885 0.00 0.00 960.5 0.9895 0.00 0.00 959.5 0.9905 0.00 0.00 958.5 0.9915 0.00 0.00 957.5 0.9925 5.25 0.00 956.5 0.9935 0.00 0.00 955.5 0.9945 0.00 0.00 954.5 0.9955 0.00 0.00 953.5 0.9965 0.00 8.35 952.5 0.9975 0.00 0.00 951.5 0.9985 0.00 0.00 950.5 0.9995 0.00 0.00 949.5 1.0005 0.00 0.00 948.5 1.0015 0.00 0.00 947.5 1.0025 0.00 6.00 946.5 1.0035 9.70 7.28 945.5 1.0045 1.15 0.00 944.5 1.0055 0.00 0.00 943.5 1.0065 0.00 0.00 942.5 1.0075 0.00 0.00 941.5 1.0085 0.00 0.00 940.5 1.0095 10.36 33.35 939.5 1.0105 60.64 69.12 938.5 1.0115 3.75 0.00 937.5 1.0125 0.00 0.00 936.5 1.0135 0.00 0.00 935.5 1.0145 0.00 0.00 934.5 1.0155 0.00 0.00 933.5 1.0165 0.00 0.00 932.5 1.0175 0.00 0.00 931.5 1.0185 0.00 0.00 930.5 1.0195 0.00 0.00 929.5 1.0205 13.01 8.11 928.5 1.0215 0.00 0.00 927.5 1.0225 0.00 0.00 926.5 1.0235 0.00 0.00 925.5 1.0245 0.00 0.00 924.5 1.0255 0.00 0.00 923.5 1.0265 0.00 0.00 922.5 1.0275 0.00 921.5 1.0285 0.00 0.00 920.5 1.0295 0.00 0.00 919.5 1.0305 0.00 5.34 918.5 1.0315 0.00 7.07 917.5 1.0325 0.00 6.98 916.5 1.0335 0.00 3.12 915.5 1.0345 0.00 0.00 914.5 1.0355 0.00 0.00 913.5 1.0365 0.00 0.00 912.5 1.0375 0.00 0.00 911.5 1.0385 0.00 0.00 910.5 1.0395 0.00 0.00 909.5 1.0405 0.00 0.00 908.5 1.0415 5.72 0.00 907.5 1.0425 0.47 0.00 906.5 1.0435 0.00 0.00 905.5 1.0445 0.00 1.13 904.5 1.0455 13.00 24.70 903.5 1.0465 5.56 0.00 902.5 1.0475 0.00 0.00 901.5 1.0485 0.00 0.00 900.5 1.0495 0.00 6.57 899.5 1.0505 6.37 0.00 898.5 1.0515 0.00 0.00 897.5 1.0525 0.00 0.00 896.5 1.0535 0.00 0.00 895.5 1.0545 0.00 0.00 894.5 1.0555 0.00 0.00 893.5 1.0565 0.00 0.00 892.5 1.0575 0.00 0.00 891.5 1.0585 0.00 0.00 890.5 1.0595 0.00 0.00 889.5 1.0605 0.00 0.00 888.5 1.0615 0.00 0.00 887.5 1.0625 0.00 0.00 886.5 1.0635 0.00 0.00 885.5 1.0645 0.00 0.00 884.5 1.0655 0.00 0.00 883.5 1.0665 0.00 0.00 882.5 1.0675 0.00 0.00 881.5 1.0685 0.00 3.75 880.5 1.0695 1.63 8.90 879.5 1.0705 7.30 10.43 878.5 1.0715 18.16 4.23 877.5 1.0725 11.09 13.13 876.5 1.0735 3.01 0.00 875.5 1.0745 0.00 0.00 874.5 1.0755 0.00 0.00 873.5 1.0765 0.00 0.00 872.5 1.0775 0.00 11.24 871.5 1.0785 0.00 0.00 870.5 1.0795 0.00 0.00 869.5 1.0805 0.00 0.00 868.5 1.0815 0.00 0.00 867.5 1.0825 0.00 0.00 866.5 1.0835 0.00 0.00 865.5 1.0845 0.00 0.00 864.5 1.0855 0.00 0.00 863.5 1.0865 0.00 0.00 862.5 1.0875 0.00 0.00 861.5 1.0885 0.00 0.00 860.5 1.0895 0.00 0.00 859.5 1.0905 0.00 4.83 858.5 1.0915 0.00 2.89 857.5 1.0925 4.38 0.00 856.5 1.0935 0.00 0.00 855.5 1.0945 0.00 0.00 854.5 1.0955 0.00 8.65 853.5 1.0965 0.00 11.74 852.5 1.0975 0.00 0.00 851.5 1.0985 0.00 0.00 850.5 1.0995 0.00 0.00 849.5 1.1005 0.00 0.00 848.5 1.1015 0.00 847.5 1.1025 0.00 0.00 846.5 1.1035 0.00 8.92 845.5 1.1045 0.00 0.00 844.5 1.1055 0.00 0.00 843.5 1.1065 1.50 0.00 842.5 1.1075 3.34 0.00 841.5 1.1085 0.00 7.21 840.5 1.1095 0.00 0.00 839.5 1.1105 0.00 0.00 838.5 1.1115 0.00 0.00 837.5 1.1125 0.00 0.00 836.5 1.1135 0.00 0.00 835.5 1.1145 7.21 0.00 834.5 1.1155 0.00 0.00 833.5 1.1165 4.29 0.00 832.5 1.1175 0.00 0.00 831.5 1.1185 0.00 0.00 830.5 1.1195 0.00 0.00 829.5 1.1205 0.00 0.00 828.5 1.1215 0.00 0.00 827.5 1.1225 0.00 0.00 826.5 1.1235 0.00 0.00 825.5 1.1245 0.00 8.92 824.5 1.1255 0.00 5.28 823.5 1.1265 0.00 10.50 822.5 1.1275 7.09 19.45 821.5 1.1285 7.57 0.00 820.5 1.1295 8.32 17.11 819.5 1.1305 16.06 4.62 818.5 1.1315 12.66 30.21 817.5 1.1325 12.60 14.71 816.5 1.1335 0.00 0.00 815.5 1.1345 0.00 0.00 814.5 1.1355 0.00 0.00 813.5 1.1365 0.00 0.00 812.5 1.1375 0.00 0.00 811.5 1.1385 0.00 0.00 810.5 1.1395 0.00 0.00 809.5 1.1405 0.00 0.00 808.5 1.1415 0.00 0.00 807.5 1.1425 0.00 0.00 806.5 1.1435 0.00 4.92 805.5 1.1445 0.00 0.00 804.5 1.1455 0.00 0.00 803.5 1.1465 0.00 0.00 802.5 1.1475 0.00 2.43 801.5 1.1485 0.00 6.51 800.5 1.1495 11.53 14.49 799.5 1.1505 1.09 0.00 798.5 1.1515 0.00 0.00 797.5 1.1525 0.00 0.00 796.5 1.1535 0.00 0.00 795.5 1.1545 0.00 0.00 794.5 1.1555 0.00 0.00 793.5 1.1565 0.00 0.00 792.5 1.1575 0.00 0.00 791.5 1.1585 0.00 0.00 790.5 1.1595 0.00 0.00 789.5 1.1605 0.00 0.00 788.5 1.1615 0.00 0.00 787.5 1.1625 0.00 0.00 786.5 1.1635 0.00 0.00 785.5 1.1645 0.00 0.00 784.5 1.1655 0.00 0.00 783.5 1.1665 0.00 3.25 782.5 1.1675 0.00 18.41 781.5 1.1685 0.00 0.00 780.5 1.1695 0.00 0.00 779.5 1.1705 0.00 0.00 778.5 1.1715 0.00 0.00 777.5 1.1725 2.99 0.00 776.5 1.1735 4.83 0.00 775.5 1.1745 0.00 0.00 774.5 1.1755 0.00 0.00 773.5 1.1765 0.00 0.00 772.5 1.1775 0.00 0.00 771.5 1.1785 0.00 0.00 770.5 1.1795 0.00 0.00 769.5 1.1805 0.00 0.00 768.5 1.1815 0.00 0.00 767.5 1.1825 0.00 0.00 766.5 1.1835 0.00 0.00 765.5 1.1845 0.00 0.00 764.5 1.1855 0.00 17.56 763.5 1.1865 0.00 0.00 762.5 1.1875 0.00 0.00 761.5 1.1885 0.00 0.00 760.5 1.1895 0.00 0.00 759.5 1.1905 0.00 0.00 758.5 1.1915 0.00 12.26 757.5 1.1925 0.00 4.16 756.5 1.1935 0.00 13.96 755.5 1.1945 0.00 0.00 754.5 1.1955 0.00 0.00 753.5 1.1965 0.00 33.20 752.5 1.1975 0.00 9.57 751.5 1.1985 0.00 4.64 750.5 1.1995 0.00 15.70 749.5 1.2005 0.00 0.00 748.5 1.2015 0.00 0.00 747.5 1.2025 0.00 0.00 746.5 1.2035 0.00 0.00 745.5 1.2045 0.00 0.00 744.5 1.2055 0.00 0.00 743.5 1.2065 0.00 0.00 742.5 1.2075 0.00 0.00 741.5 1.2085 0.00 0.00 740.5 1.2095 0.00 0.00 739.5 1.2105 0.00 0.00 738.5 1.2115 0.00 0.00 737.5 1.2125 0.00 0.00 736.5 1.2135 0.00 0.00 735.5 1.2145 0.00 0.00 734.5 1.2155 0.00 0.00 733.5 1.2165 0.00 0.00 732.5 1.2175 0.00 5.77 731.5 1.2185 0.00 0.00 730.5 1.2195 0.00 0.00 729.5 1.2205 0.00 0.00 728.5 1.2215 0.00 0.00 727.5 1.2225 0.00 0.00 726.5 1.2235 0.00 0.00 725.5 1.2245 0.00 0.00 724.5 1.2255 0.00 0.00 723.5 1.2265 0.00 0.00 722.5 1.2275 0.00 0.00 721.5 1.2285 0.00 0.00 720.5 1.2295 0.00 0.00 719.5 1.2305 0.00 0.00 718.5 1.2315 0.00 0.00 717.5 1.2325 0.00 0.00 716.5 1.2335 0.00 0.00 715.5 1.2345 0.00 0.00 714.5 1.2355 0.00 0.00 713.5 1.2365 0.00 0.00 712.5 1.2375 0.00 0.00 711.5 1.2385 0.00 0.00 710.5 1.2395 0.00 0.00 709.5 1.2405 0.00 0.00 708.5 1.2415 0.00 0.00 707.5 1.2425 0.00 0.00 706.5 1.2435 0.00 0.00 705.5 1.2445 0.00 0.00 704.5 1.2455 0.00 0.00 703.5 1.2465 0.00 0.00 702.5 1.2475 0.00 0.00 701.5 1.2485 0.00 0.00 700.5 1.2495 0.00 0.00 699.5 1.2505 0.00 0.00