Timing of bacterial carriage sampling in vaccine trials: A modelling study.

Scott, Pippa; Herzog, Sereina A; Auranen, Kari; Dagan, Ron; Low, Nicola; Egger, Matthias; Heijne, Janneke C M (2014). Timing of bacterial carriage sampling in vaccine trials: A modelling study. Epidemics, 9, pp. 8-17. Elsevier 10.1016/j.epidem.2014.08.003

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BACKGROUND

Pathogenic bacteria are often asymptomatically carried in the nasopharynx. Bacterial carriage can be reduced by vaccination and has been used as an alternative endpoint to clinical disease in randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Vaccine efficacy (VE) is usually calculated as 1 minus a measure of effect. Estimates of vaccine efficacy from cross-sectional carriage data collected in RCTs are usually based on prevalence odds ratios (PORs) and prevalence ratios (PRs), but it is unclear when these should be measured.

METHODS

We developed dynamic compartmental transmission models simulating RCTs of a vaccine against a carried pathogen to investigate how VE can best be estimated from cross-sectional carriage data, at which time carriage should optimally be assessed, and to which factors this timing is most sensitive. In the models, vaccine could change carriage acquisition and clearance rates (leaky vaccine); values for these effects were explicitly defined (facq, 1/fdur). POR and PR were calculated from model outputs. Models differed in infection source: other participants or external sources unaffected by the trial. Simulations using multiple vaccine doses were compared to empirical data.

RESULTS

The combined VE against acquisition and duration calculated using POR (VEˆacq.dur, (1-POR)×100) best estimates the true VE (VEacq.dur, (1-facq×fdur)×100) for leaky vaccines in most scenarios. The mean duration of carriage was the most important factor determining the time until VEˆacq.dur first approximates VEacq.dur: if the mean duration of carriage is 1-1.5 months, up to 4 months are needed; if the mean duration is 2-3 months, up to 8 months are needed. Minor differences were seen between models with different infection sources. In RCTs with shorter intervals between vaccine doses it takes longer after the last dose until VEˆacq.dur approximates VEacq.dur.

CONCLUSION

The timing of sample collection should be considered when interpreting vaccine efficacy against bacterial carriage measured in RCTs.

Item Type:

Journal Article (Original Article)

Division/Institute:

04 Faculty of Medicine > Pre-clinic Human Medicine > Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM)

UniBE Contributor:

Scott, Pippa, Herzog, Sereina, Low, Nicola, Egger, Matthias, Min, Johanna

Subjects:

600 Technology > 610 Medicine & health
300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology > 360 Social problems & social services

ISSN:

1755-4365

Publisher:

Elsevier

Language:

English

Submitter:

Doris Kopp Heim

Date Deposited:

06 Jan 2015 10:30

Last Modified:

02 Mar 2023 23:25

Publisher DOI:

10.1016/j.epidem.2014.08.003

PubMed ID:

25480130

Uncontrolled Keywords:

Bacterial pathogens, Mathematical modelling, Methodological research, Randomised controlled trials, Vaccine efficacy

BORIS DOI:

10.7892/boris.61399

URI:

https://boris.unibe.ch/id/eprint/61399

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