Dynamics of critical incidents with potentially violent outcomes involving ultra fans: an explorative study

Schumacher-Dimech, Anne Marie; Brechbühl, Alain; Seiler, Roland (2016). Dynamics of critical incidents with potentially violent outcomes involving ultra fans: an explorative study. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 19(10), pp. 1-20. Taylor & Francis 10.1080/17430437.2015.1133597

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This study examines incidents involving a tense atmosphere combined
with higher risk of football fan violence. A systematic description of
such critical incidents (CIs) identifying their risk factors and warning
signs is yet lacking. This study looks beyond fans’ violent acts per
se and focuses on CIs involving ultra fans with a potentially – but
not necessarily – violent outcome. A preliminary study involving a
focus group was conducted followed by a main study including eight
case studies. The focus group comprised five professionals working
with football fans who discussed CIs’ observable characteristics. Risk
factors and warning signs were coded using content analysis, such
as, ‘arrest of a fan’. In the main study, people involved in actual CIs
were interviewed to explore these phenomena in more depth. An
integrated model of CIs’ dynamics, risk factors and warning signs was
compiled using data gathered in both studies.

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