Early and nonreversible decrease of CD161++ /MAIT cells in HIV infection

Cosgrove, Cormac; Ussher, James E; Rauch, Andri; Gärtner, Kathleen; Kurioka, Ayako; Hühn, Michael H; Adelmann, Krista; Kang, Yu-Hoi; Fergusson, Joannah R; Simmonds, Peter; Goulder, Philip; Hansen, Ted H; Fox, Julie; Günthard, Huldrych F; Khanna, Nina; Powrie, Fiona; Steel, Alan; Gazzard, Brian; Phillips, Rodney E; Frater, John; ... (2012). Early and nonreversible decrease of CD161++ /MAIT cells in HIV infection. Blood, 121(6), pp. 951-61. Washington, D.C.: American Society of Hematology 10.1182/blood-2012-06-436436

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HIV infection is associated with immune dysfunction, perturbation of immune-cell subsets and opportunistic infections. CD161++ CD8+ T cells are a tissue-infiltrating population that produce IL17A, IL22, IFN, and TNFα, cytokines important in mucosal immunity. In adults they dominantly express the semi-invariant TCR Vα7.2, the canonical feature of mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and have been recently implicated in host defense against pathogens. We analyzed the frequency and function of CD161++ /MAIT cells in peripheral blood and tissue from patients with early stage or chronic-stage HIV infection. We show that the CD161++ /MAIT cell population is significantly decreased in early HIV infection and fails to recover despite otherwise successful treatment. We provide evidence that CD161++ /MAIT cells are not preferentially infected but may be depleted through diverse mechanisms including accumulation in tissues and activation-induced cell death. This loss may impact mucosal defense and could be important in susceptibility to specific opportunistic infections in HIV.

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