Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Treatment of Viral Diseases

Harrell, Carl Randall; Popovska Jovicic, Biljana; Djonov, Valentin; Volarevic, Vladislav (2021). Molecular Mechanisms Responsible for Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Treatment of Viral Diseases. Pathogens, 10(4) MDPI AG 10.3390/pathogens10040409

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult, immunomodulatory stem cells which reside in almost all postnatal tissues. Viral antigens and damage-associated molecular patterns released from injured and infected cells activate MSCs, which elicit strong antiviral immune response. MSC-sourced interferons and inflammatory cytokines modulate the cytotoxicity of NK cells and CTLs, enhance the antigen-presentation properties of DCs and macrophages, regulate cytokine synthesis in CD4+ T helper cells and promote antibody production in B cells. After the elimination of viral pathogens, MSCs produce immunoregulatory cytokines and trophic factors, prevent the over-activation of immune cells and promote tissue repair and regeneration. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the MSC-dependent elimination of virus-infected cells, and we emphasize the therapeutic potential of MSCs and their secretomes in the treatment of viral diseases.

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