Archaeometric provenance constraints for Early Medieval sparse glazed pottery from Donoratico (Livorno, Italy)

Fornacelli, Cristina; Briano, Arianna; Chiarantini, Laura; Bianchi, Giovanna; Benvenuti, Marco; Giamello, M.; Kang, Jisuk; Villa, Igor Maria; Talarico, Franco M.; Hodges, Richard (2021). Archaeometric provenance constraints for Early Medieval sparse glazed pottery from Donoratico (Livorno, Italy). Archaeometry, 63(3), pp. 549-576. Oxford University, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art. 10.1111/arcm.12633

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The study of a huge repertory of sparse glazed ware from Donoratico (Livorno, Italy) dated back to the ninth century was carried out to investigate the production technology via petro- graphic, chemical, and isotopic investigations. The mineralogical and chemical evidence suggested the application of a lead oxide flux to an unfired non-calcareous ceramic body, in accordance with late Antique and early-Medieval traditions. The isotopic investigation of the glazes also suggested different sources for PbO, which was frequently applied as a mix of different metal batches. The Pb isotopic record identified the Southern Tuscany districts (Campiglia Marittima and Colline Metallifere) and a source controlled by the Carolingian kings in the northern districts of Central Europe (either in Aquitaine or in the Middle German ore districts) as the most reliable sources. SEM-EDS showed the presence of tin impurities in the form of secondary cassiterite agglomerates in most of the glazes obtained by the use of lo- cal lead. The presence of cassiterite veins in Southern Tuscany lead sulphide deposits was con- sidered as the main cause for tin impurities in the glazing mixture and, thus, an important marker for the exploitation of local lead.

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