Condensin I folds the Caenorhabditis elegans genome.

Das, Moushumi; Semple, Jennifer I; Haemmerli, Anja; Volodkina, Valeriia; Scotton, Janik; Gitchev, Todor; Annan, Ahrmad; Campos, Julie; Statzer, Cyril; Dakhovnik, Alexander; Ewald, Collin Y; Mozziconacci, Julien; Meister, Peter (2024). Condensin I folds the Caenorhabditis elegans genome. Nature genetics, 56(8), pp. 1737-1749. Springer Nature 10.1038/s41588-024-01832-5

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The structural maintenance of chromosome (SMC) complexes-cohesin and condensins-are crucial for chromosome separation and compaction during cell division. During the interphase, mammalian cohesins additionally fold the genome into loops and domains. Here we show that, in Caenorhabditis elegans, a species with holocentric chromosomes, condensin I is the primary, long-range loop extruder. The loss of condensin I and its X-specific variant, condensin IDC, leads to genome-wide decompaction, chromosome mixing and disappearance of X-specific topologically associating domains, while reinforcing fine-scale epigenomic compartments. In addition, condensin I/IDC inactivation led to the upregulation of X-linked genes and unveiled nuclear bodies grouping together binding sites for the X-targeting loading complex of condensin IDC. C. elegans condensin I/IDC thus uniquely organizes holocentric interphase chromosomes, akin to cohesin in mammals, as well as regulates X-chromosome gene expression.

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