Spatial heterogeneity and lake morphology affect diffusive greenhouse gas emission estimates of lakes

Schilder, Johannes Cornelis; Bastviken, David; van Hardenbroek, Maarten Reinier; Kankaala, Paula; Rinta, Päivi Johanna; Stötter, Tabea; Heiri, Oliver (2013). Spatial heterogeneity and lake morphology affect diffusive greenhouse gas emission estimates of lakes. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(21), pp. 5752-5756. American Geophysical Union 10.1002/2013GL057669

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Most estimates of diffusive flux (F) of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from lakes are based on single-point flux chamber measurements or on piston velocity (k) modeled from wind speed and single-point measurements of surface water gas concentrations (C-aq). We analyzed spatial variability of F of CH4 and CO2, as well as C-aq and k in 22 European lakes during late summer. F and k were higher in the lake centers, leading to considerable bias when extrapolating single-point chamber measurements to whole-lake estimates. The ratio of our empirical k estimates to wind speed-modeled k was related to lake size and shape, suggesting a lake morphology effect on the relationship between wind speed and k. This indicates that the error inherent to established wind speed models can be reduced by determining k and C-aq at multiple sites on lakes to calibrate wind speed-modeled k to the local system.

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