Population size changes and selection drive patterns of parallel evolution in a host–virus system

Frickel, Jens; Feulner, Philine; Karakoc, Emre; Becks, Lutz (2018). Population size changes and selection drive patterns of parallel evolution in a host–virus system. Nature communications, 9(1) Nature Publishing Group 10.1038/s41467-018-03990-7

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Predicting the repeatability of evolution remains elusive. Theory and empirical studies sug-
gest that strong selection and large population sizes increase the probability for parallel
evolution at the phenotypic and genotypic levels. However, selection and population sizes are
not constant, but rather change continuously and directly affect each other even on short
time scales. Here, we examine the degree of parallel evolution shaped through eco-
evolutionary dynamics in an algal host population coevolving with a virus. We
fi
nd high
degrees of parallelism at the level of population size changes (ecology) and at the phenotypic
level between replicated populations. At the genomic level, we
fi
nd evidence for parallelism,
as the same large genomic region was duplicated in all replicated populations, but also
substantial novel sequence divergence between replicates. These patterns of genome evo-
lution can be explained by considering population size changes as an important driver of rapid
evolution.

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