Schuttelaar, Marie L A; Ofenloch, Robert F; Bruze, Magnus; Cazzaniga, Simone; Elsner, Peter; Gonçalo, Margarida; Naldi, Luigi; Svensson, Åke; Diepgen, Thomas L (2018). Prevalence of contact allergy to metals in the European general population with a focus on nickel and piercings: The EDEN Fragrance Study. Contact dermatitis, 79(1), pp. 1-9. Wiley-Blackwell 10.1111/cod.12983
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BACKGROUND
Studies on sensitization to metals in the general population are scarce.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the prevalence of sensitization to metals in the general population, and factors associated with nickel sensitization.
METHODS
In 5 European countries (The Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Sweden), a random sample (N = 3119) from the general population (aged 18-74 years) was patch tested and interviewed by use of a questionnaire on exposure to metals, piercing, and jewellery.
RESULTS
Overall, the age-standardized prevalences of sensitization to nickel, cobalt and chromium were, respectively, 14.5%, 2.1%, and 0.8%. The highest prevalence of nickel sensitization was seen in Portugal (18.5%) and the lowest (8.3%) in Sweden. The prevalence of cobalt sensitization varied between 3.8% (The Netherlands) and 0.9% (Italy), and the prevalence of chromium sensitization varied between 1.3% (Portugal) and 0.2% (Sweden). Significant associations were observed between nickel allergy and female sex (odds ratio [OR] 5.19; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 3.99-6.74), past piercing use (OR 3.86; 95%CI: 2.85-5.24), and currently having ≥3 piercings (OR 5.58; 95%CI: 4.02-7.76).
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of sensitization to metals in the European general population was high, mostly because of nickel. The lowest prevalence of contact allergy to nickel and chromium observed in Sweden supports the effectiveness of long-standing regulation.
Item Type: |
Journal Article (Original Article) |
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Division/Institute: |
04 Faculty of Medicine > Department of Dermatology, Urology, Rheumatology, Nephrology, Osteoporosis (DURN) > Clinic of Dermatology |
UniBE Contributor: |
Cazzaniga, Simone |
Subjects: |
600 Technology > 610 Medicine & health |
ISSN: |
0105-1873 |
Publisher: |
Wiley-Blackwell |
Language: |
English |
Submitter: |
Andrea Studer-Gauch |
Date Deposited: |
12 Feb 2019 14:35 |
Last Modified: |
05 Dec 2022 15:24 |
Publisher DOI: |
10.1111/cod.12983 |
PubMed ID: |
29635802 |
Uncontrolled Keywords: |
chromium cobalt contact allergy epidemiology nickel patch testing |
BORIS DOI: |
10.7892/boris.123398 |
URI: |
https://boris.unibe.ch/id/eprint/123398 |
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