Violence as the Most Frequent Cause of Oral and Maxillofacial Injuries among the Patients from Low- and Middle-Income Countries-A Retrospective Study at a Level I Trauma University Emergency Department in Switzerland.

Loutroukis, Triantafillos; Loutrouki, Ekaterini; Klukowska-Rötzler, Jolanta; Koba, Sabine; Schlittler, Fabian; Schaller, Benoît; Exadaktylos, Aristomenis K.; Doulberis, Michael; Srivastava, David S.; Papoutsi, Silvana; Burkhard, John Patrik M. (2020). Violence as the Most Frequent Cause of Oral and Maxillofacial Injuries among the Patients from Low- and Middle-Income Countries-A Retrospective Study at a Level I Trauma University Emergency Department in Switzerland. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(13) MDPI 10.3390/ijerph17134906

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Preventive strategies can be developed by gathering more information about oral and maxillofacial injuries and oral pathologies in immigrants from low- to middle-income countries (LMIC). Additional information on the quality of care can also improve the allocation of clinical resources for the management of these patients. We studied immigrants from LMIC who presented in the emergency department (ED) at Berne University Hospital with dental problems or oral or maxillofacial injuries. The patient data included age, gender, nationality, the etiology and type of trauma and infection in the oral-maxillofacial area, and overall costs. The greatest incidence of maxillofacial injuries was observed in the age group of 16-35 years (n = 128, 63.6%, p = 0.009), with males outnumbering females in all age groups. Trauma cases were most frequent in the late evening and were mostly associated with violence (n = 82, 55.4%, p = 0.001). The most common fracture was fracture of the nose (n = 31). The mean costs were approximately the same for men (mean = 2466.02 Swiss francs) and women (mean = 2117.95 Swiss francs) with maxillofacial injuries but were greater than for isolated dental problems. In conclusion, the etiology of dental and maxillofacial injuries in immigrants in Switzerland requires better support in the prevention of violence and continued promotion of oral health education.

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