Ultrasonographic assessment of umbilical disorders

Steiner, Adrian; Lejeune, Beatrice (2009). Ultrasonographic assessment of umbilical disorders. Veterinary clinics of North America - food animal practice, 25(3), pp. 781-94. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders 10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.07.012

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Umbilical disorders are of great clinical relevance in calves during the early postnatal period. They may be classified as (1) noninfectious disorders such as hernias and urachal cysts, (2) infectious disorders involving extra- and intra-abdominal umbilical structures, or (3) combinations thereof. Supplementing clinical examination, umbilical ultrasonography allows the identification of the structures involved and differentiation of the various disorders with a high diagnostic sensitivity. A specific diagnosis of the umbilical disorder is important, because the treatment regimen, prognosis, and treatment costs completely depend upon the extent of the disease and the structures involved.

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