Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis in the intestinal epithelium: more than a drop in the ocean?

Noti, Mario; Sidler, Daniel; Brunner, Thomas (2009). Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis in the intestinal epithelium: more than a drop in the ocean? Seminars in immunopathology, 31(2), pp. 237-48. Berlin: Springer-Verlag 10.1007/s00281-009-0159-2

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Glucocorticoids (GC) are lipophilic hormones commonly used as therapeutics in acute and chronic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease due to their attributed anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive actions. Although the adrenal glands are the major source of endogenous GC, there is increasing evidence for the production of extra-adrenal GC in the brain, thymus, skin, vasculature, and the intestine. However, the physiological relevance of extra-adrenal-produced GC remains still ambiguous. Therefore, this review attracts attention to discuss possible biological benefits of extra-adrenal-synthesized GC, especially focusing on the impact of locally synthesized GC in the regulation of intestinal immune responses.

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