A cloned classical swine fever virus derived from the vaccine strain GPE- causes cytopathic effect in CPK-NS cells via type-I interferon-dependent necroptosis.

Itakura, Yukari; Matsuno, Keita; Ito, Asako; Gerber, Markus; Liniger, Matthias; Fujimoto, Yuri; Tamura, Tomokazu; Kameyama, Ken-Ichiro; Okamatsu, Masatoshi; Ruggli, Nicolas; Kida, Hiroshi; Sakoda, Yoshihiro (2020). A cloned classical swine fever virus derived from the vaccine strain GPE- causes cytopathic effect in CPK-NS cells via type-I interferon-dependent necroptosis. Virus research, 276, p. 197809. Elsevier 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197809

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Classical swine fever viruses (CSFVs) do typically not show cytopathic effect (CPE) in cell culture, while some strains such as vaccine strain the GPE- induce CPE in the swine kidney-derived CPK-NS cell line cultured in serum-free medium. These latter strains commonly lack Npro-mediated inhibition of type-I interferon (IFN) induction. In order to explore the molecular mechanisms of GPE--induced CPE, we analyzed the cellular pathways involved. In CPK-NS cells infected with the attenuated-vaccine-derived vGPE- strain, both, apoptosis and necroptosis were induced. Necroptosis was type-I IFN-dependent and critical for visible CPE. In contrast, the parental virulent vALD-A76 strain did not induce any of these pathways nor CPE. We used reverse genetics to investigate which viral factors regulate these cell-death pathways. Interestingly, a mutant vGPE- in which the Npro function was restored to inhibit type-I IFN induction did not induce necroptosis nor CPE but still induced apoptosis, while an Npro-mutant vALD-A76 incapable of inhibiting type-I IFN production induced necroptosis and CPE. Although Erns of CSFV is reportedly involved in controlling apoptosis, apoptosis induction by vGPE- or apoptosis inhibition by vALD-A76 were independent of the unique amino acid difference found in Erns of these two strains. Altogether, these results demonstrate that type-I IFN-dependent necroptosis related to non-functional Npro is the main mechanism for CPE induction by vGPE-, and that viral factor(s) other than Erns may induce or inhibit apoptosis in vGPE- or vALD-A76 infected CPK-NS cells, respectively.

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