Heath, Matthew D; Mohsen, Mona O; de Kam, Pieter-Jan; Carreno Velazquez, Thalia L; Hewings, Simon J; Kramer, Matthias F; Kündig, Thomas M; Bachmann, Martin F; Skinner, Murray A (2020). Shaping Modern Vaccines: Adjuvant Systems Using MicroCrystalline Tyrosine (MCT®). Frontiers in immunology, 11, p. 594911. Frontiers Research Foundation 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594911
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The concept of adjuvants or adjuvant systems, used in vaccines, exploit evolutionary relationships associated with how the immune system may initially respond to a foreign antigen or pathogen, thus mimicking natural exposure. This is particularly relevant during the non-specific innate stage of the immune response; as such, the quality of this response may dictate specific adaptive responses and conferred memory/protection to that specific antigen or pathogen. Therefore, adjuvants may optimise this response in the most appropriate way for a specific disease. The most commonly used traditional adjuvants are aluminium salts; however, a biodegradable adjuvant, MCT®, was developed for application in the niche area of allergy immunotherapy (AIT), also in combination with a TLR-4 adjuvant-Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL®)-producing the first adjuvant system approach for AIT in the clinic. In the last decade, the use and effectiveness of MCT® across a variety of disease models in the preclinical setting highlight it as a promising platform for adjuvant systems, to help overcome the challenges of modern vaccines. A consequence of bringing together, for the first time, a unified view of MCT® mode-of-action from multiple experiments and adjuvant systems will help facilitate future rational design of vaccines while shaping their success.
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