Zúñiga, Fernando (17 December 2022). Differential and non-differential object indexing in Mapudungun (Unpublished). In: 14th Conference of the Association for Linguistic Typology. Austin, Texas. 15-17 December, 2022.
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Mapudungun (ISO 639-3: arn), an unclassified language currently spoken in Chile and Argentina, shows a relatively fluid object indexing system subject to an interplay of different semantic and pragmatic factors. The data in (1) show examples of transitive main clauses where the 3rd-person object index -fi (< fey ‘that’, originally a pronominal medial demonstrative) is used (1a-b) or not (1c-d), depending on specific values of animacy, definiteness, accessibility, and topicality of the primary object (Augusta 1903: 71–75; Salas 2006: 107–118; Smeets 2008: 153–154, 211–223; Zúñiga 2010, 2019). Essentially, the marker routinely appears as anaphoric index (1a); definite and/or human objects sometimes trigger fi-marking when relatively high in topicality (1b-c); indefinite inanimate objects and non-finite verb forms in object function (1d) are never indexed.
Nevertheless, the sensitivity of Mapudungun argument marking to morphological and syntactic factors has received only little attention in the literature. Regarding morphological factors, when comparing finite and non-finite verb forms —roughly: main-clause and subordinate-clause forms—, both the fluidity and the 3rd-person specificity of -fi basically vanish: fi is either optional or even obligatory with most nonfinite forms denoting interactions between 1st and 2nd persons (2). Regarding syntactic factors, even with finite verb forms it is only primary objects of monotransitive predicates that show real fluidity; ditransitive verbs, especially when derived, virtually always index their primary object (3).
Based both on the descriptive literature on Mapudungun and on some extant corpora of narrative texts (Augusta 1910, Moesbach 1930, and Salas 2006), the present talk aims at drawing a more complete and systematic picture of object indexing in the language than previous studies. In addition to presenting the empirical facts, the talk discusses the significance of the limits of Mapudungun Differential Object Indexing for our understanding of argument marking in that language and in general.
Examples
(1) a. pe-fi-ngu
see-3.OBJ-3DU.SBJ[IND]
‘They (DU) saw them.’ (Salas 2006: 244)
b. dew fem-li mütrüm-a-fi-ñ tañi pu karukato
after do.so-1SG.SBJ.SBJV call-FUT-3.OBJ-1SG.SBJ.IND 1SG.PSR PL neighbor
ka feypi-a-fi-ñ: “küpa-m-ün!”
and say-FUT-3.OBJ-1SG.SBJ.IND come[IMP]-2-PL
‘After doing so, I’ll call my neighbors and will tell them: “Come!”’ (Salas 2006: 260)
c. fey pe-y tripa-pa-n
then see-IND[3.SBJ] exit-CIS-NFIN
‘He then saw [her] coming hither.’ (Salas 2006: 240)
d. pe-y tañi kellu-a-etew
see-IND[3.SBJ] 3.PSR help-FUT-NFIN.INV
‘[The fox] saw how [s/he] helped him.’ (Salas 2006: 301)
(2) a. padre manda-enew taiñ ye-w-pa-y-a(-fi)-el
padre order-3→1SG.IND 1PL.PSR take-REFL-CIS-EP-FUT-FI-NFIN
‘The padre told me to take/bring you (NS).’ (Augusta 1903: 214)
b. iñche mi pe-fi-el vs. eymi mi pe-fi-el
1SG.PRO 2SG.PSR see-FI-NFIN 2SG.PRO 2SG.PSR see-FI-NFIN
‘my seeing you (SG)’ ‘your (SG) seeing me’ (Smeets 2008: 211)
(3) a. fey elu??(-fi) chi pu trewa
then give-3.OBJ[3.SBJ.IND] ART PL dog
‘Then he gave [them] to the dogs.’ (Salas 2006: 262)
b. ropa-l*(-fi) tachi pichi che
put.clothes-APPL-3.OBJ[3.SBJ.IND] ART little person
‘They dressed the child.’ (Salas 2006: 316)
Abbreviations
APPL applicative, ART article, CIS cislocative, DU dual, EP epenthesis, FUT future, IMP imperative, IND indicative, INV inverse, NFIN non-finite, NS non-singular, OBJ object, PL plural, PRO personal pronoun, PSR possessor, REFL reflexive, SBJ subject, SBJV subjunctive, SG singular
References
Augusta, F. J. de. 1903. Gramática araucana. Valdivia: Imprenta Central J. Lampert.
Augusta, F. J. de. 1910. Lecturas araucanas. Valdivia: Imprenta de la Prefectura Apostólica.
Moesbach, E. W. de. 1930. Vida y costumbres de los indígenas araucanos en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Cervantes.
Salas, A. 2006. El mapuche o araucano. 2nd, rev. ed. Santiago de Chile: Centro de Estudios Públicos.
Smeets, I. 2008. A gramar of Mapuche. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Zúñiga, F. 2010. La marca diferencial del objeto en mapudungún. Lingüística 24: 141–164.
Zúñiga, F. 2019. Grammatical relations in Mapudungun. In A. Witzlack-Makarevich & B. Bickel (eds.), Argument selectors: A new perspective on grammatical relations, 39–67. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Item Type: |
Conference or Workshop Item (Paper) |
|---|---|
Division/Institute: |
06 Faculty of Humanities > Department of Linguistics and Literary Studies > Institute of Linguistics |
UniBE Contributor: |
Zúñiga, Fernando |
Subjects: |
400 Language > 410 Linguistics 400 Language > 490 Other languages |
Language: |
English |
Submitter: |
Fernando Zúñiga |
Date Deposited: |
19 Dec 2022 13:41 |
Last Modified: |
19 Dec 2022 18:39 |
BORIS DOI: |
10.48350/176025 |
URI: |
https://boris.unibe.ch/id/eprint/176025 |
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