Predictions for the Dynamical States of the Didymos System before and after the Planned DART Impact

Richardson, Derek C.; Agrusa, Harrison F.; Barbee, Brent; Bottke, William F.; Cheng, Andrew F.; Eggl, Siegfried; Ferrari, Fabio; Hirabayashi, Masatoshi; Karatekin, Özgür; McMahon, Jay; Schwartz, Stephen R.; Ballouz, Ronald-Louis; Bagatin, Adriano Campo; Dotto, Elisabetta; Fahnestock, Eugene G.; Fuentes-Muñoz, Oscar; Gkolias, Ioannis; Hamilton, Douglas P.; Jacobson, Seth A.; Jutzi, Martin; ... (2022). Predictions for the Dynamical States of the Didymos System before and after the Planned DART Impact. The planetary science journal, 3(7), p. 157. IOP Publishing 10.3847/psj/ac76c9

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NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft is planned to impact the natural satellite of (65803)
Didymos, Dimorphos, at around 23:14 UTC on 2022 September 26, causing a reduction in its orbital period that
will be measurable with ground-based observations. This test of kinetic impactor technology will provide the first
estimate of the momentum transfer enhancement factor β at a realistic scale, wherein the ejecta from the impact
provide an additional deflection to the target. Earth-based observations, the LICIACube spacecraft (to be detached
from DART prior to impact), and ESA’s follow-up Hera mission, to launch in 2024, will provide additional
characterizations of the deflection test. Together, Hera and DART comprise the Asteroid Impact and Deflection
Assessment cooperation between NASA and ESA. Here, the predicted dynamical states of the binary system upon
arrival and after impact are presented. The assumed dynamically relaxed state of the system will be excited by the
impact, leading to an increase in eccentricity and a slight tilt of the orbit, together with enhanced libration of
Dimorphos, with the amplitude dependent on the currently poorly known target shape. Free rotation around the
moon’s long axis may also be triggered, and the orbital period will experience variations from seconds to minutes
over timescales of days to months. Shape change of either body, due to cratering or mass wasting triggered by
crater formation and ejecta, may affect β, but can be constrained through additional measurements. Both BYORP
and gravity tides may cause measurable orbital changes on the timescale of Hera’s rendezvous

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